Acne, medically referred to as acne vulgaris, is a chronic skin condition that develops when dead skin cells and natural skin oils block hair follicles. This blockage can lead to visible signs such as blackheads, whiteheads, pimples, and overall oily skin. In more severe cases, scarring may occur, affecting both the appearance and texture of the skin over time.

The condition most commonly appears on areas of the body that have a higher concentration of oil glands. These include the face, the upper chest, and the back. These areas are particularly susceptible due to the activity of sebaceous glands, which produce sebum, a natural skin oil.

Acne can have significant emotional and psychological effects on individuals. Beyond physical symptoms, it may result in lowered self-confidence, anxiety, and reduced self-esteem. In more severe or prolonged cases, individuals might experience mental health challenges such as depression.

Genetic predisposition plays a major role in determining one’s likelihood of developing acne, with approximately 80% of cases influenced by heredity. This means that if close family members had acne, there’s a higher chance of experiencing it as well.

Hormones, especially androgens found in both males and females, are another contributing factor. These hormones stimulate sebaceous glands to produce more sebum, increasing the likelihood of clogged pores and inflammation.

Lastly, an overgrowth of a common skin bacterium, Cutibacterium acnes, can worsen the condition. This bacterium naturally lives on the skin, but under certain conditions, it multiplies and contributes to inflammation. Although lifestyle factors like diet and smoking have been examined, their direct connection to acne remains unclear, and cleanliness or sun exposure are not considered causes.