Protests deepen amid economic collapse and widening unrest
Iran has entered a third week of widespread antigovernment protests, driven primarily by a deepening economic crisis that has hit ordinary citizens hard. The unrest, which began in late December 2025 over inflation, currency collapse, and surging prices, has spread across most provinces and major cities. Demonstrations have been marked by burning vehicles, clashes with security forces, and the closure of marketplaces and businesses as shopkeepers, students, and workers voice growing frustration with economic conditions and political leadership.

 Human cost and conflicting casualty figures
The death toll from the crackdown is one of the most controversial and damning aspects of the crisis. According to human rights groups such as the Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA), over 500 people have been killed, including hundreds of protesters and dozens of security personnel, with more than 10,000 arrests reported. These figures are difficult to independently verify due to information restrictions, but they far exceed official government accounts, which depict many of the deaths as the result of violent actions by “rioters” and alleged foreign‑influenced elements.

 Economic collapse and political frustration at the heart
The protests reflect mounting public anger over Iran’s economic decline. Years of sanctions, declining oil revenues, and a sharply depreciating currency have pushed inflation above 50 % and eroded purchasing power, making basic necessities unaffordable for many families. The rial’s fall against the dollar and rising food and fuel costs have hit shopkeepers, merchants, students, and young Iranians especially hard — fueling a sense that economic mismanagement and political elitism must end.

 Information crackdown and contested narratives
Iranian authorities have imposed near‑nationwide internet and phone blackouts to restrict communication and reporting on the unrest, significantly hampering independent verification of events. Observers say this blackout reflects a government attempt to control the narrative and curb protest coordination, but it also deepens domestic uncertainty and fuels mistrust. International and domestic reporting now paints sharply different pictures of protest size and impact, widening perception gaps among Iranians and global audiences.

 Government response — security focus and external attributions
Iran’s leadership, including President Masoud Pezeshkian and senior officials, has responded with a dual strategy of limited concessions and strong resistance. Authorities have promised some economic reforms and modest monthly credits for low‑income citizens in attempts to alleviate hardship, but also emphasized security, pledging to “deal firmly” with what they call rioters and to frame parts of the unrest as influenced by foreign powers. Tehran has reiterated warnings that any external military action — especially from the United States or Israel — would be met with retaliation, further elevating regional tensions amid the domestic crisis.

Broader implications — domestic stability and geopolitical stakes
The unrest comes at a time when Iran is already navigating heightened geopolitical pressures, including strained relations with the U.S. and Israel after recent military strikes and diplomatic standoffs. Analysts describe the moment as a potential inflection point: if economic hardship continues without meaningful reform or dialogue, the challenges to the Islamic Republic’s legitimacy could deepen. As protests persist and intersection with broader regional rivalries grows, how Tehran balances internal stability with external confrontation will shape both domestic governance and Middle Eastern geopolitics in the months ahead.